Socio-Economic Factors Influence Health and Well-Being Essay Example for Free

Socio-Economic Factors Influence Health and Well-Being Essay Introduction The social determinants of wellbeing are in charge of health disparities. For decreasing wellbeing disparities and enhancing wellbeing status of individuals, it is essential to perceive principle elements which are influencing wellbeing, that is, determinants of heath. Economic components have significant part in helping better wellbeing. Individuals with low salary are more defenceless against infections and incapacities. Health social determinants comprises of different variables that focus wellbeing and health, for example, socio-economic factors, sexual orientations, societies and instruction (Dolan, et al, 2008). A few gatherings of individuals are healthier than others. There is a connection in the middle of pay and wellbeing, and also they are solid indicators of wellbeing. Individuals with low monetary status have poor training, unemployment, work shakiness awful living up to expectations conditions and lower class occupations (Pappa, et al, 2009). Discussion Socioeconomic factors are regularly measured as a mix of instruction, salary, and occupation. At the point when seen through a social class lens, benefit, power, and control are accentuated. Besides, an examination of socioeconomic as an inclination or consistent variable uncovers disparities in access to and dissemination of assets. Socioeconomic factors are significant to all domains of behavioural and sociology, including exploration, practice, training, and promotion (Dolan, et al, 2008). Low Socioeconomic status and it relates, for example, lower instruction, neediness, and weakness, eventually influence our general public all in all. Imbalances in riches dissemination, asset circulation, and personal satisfaction are expanding in the United Kingdom and all inclusive. Society advantages from an expanded concentrate on the establishments of financial disparities and endeavours to  decrease the profound crevices in financial status in the United Kingdom. Behavioural and other sociology experts have the apparatuses important to study and distinguish methodologies that could allay these incongruities at mutually individual as well as communal levels (Pappa, et al, 2009). Equality Act 2010 is a demonstration of the Parliament of United Kingdom which producing results from October 2010 recommends an equivalent treatment in access to business and additionally private and open administrations. The demonstration list a set of ensured attributes which are recognized as take after: age, inability, sexual orientation reassignment, marriage and common association, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or conviction, sex and sexual introduction (Daniels, 2010). With respect to these attributes the Act give a unique security every each one encircling the all procurements with general evidences about regular qualities of separation. The reason of such part and distinctive security among the secured trademark is clarified on the premise of a prior hostile to separation law which was accordingly consolidated by the Equality Act including further component of insurance. Actually, the Act is shaped by various bits of other enactment which controlled the segregation law field. Thusly, were authoritatively actives the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995? The demonstration supplants additionally various Regulations, in which the one pertinent in age separation field was the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations, which produce results beginning from 2006 until the reception of Equality act (Daniels, 2010). Poverty can be characterized in an unexpected way; those of conflicting conclusions on poverty will presumably additionally have unique suppositions on the reasons for neediness and the estimation of poverty. For instance Marxists and Feminists have philosophies focused around clash. Marxists accept that there is a class battle, and that the abuse made by private enterprise makes neediness. Womens activists accept that Patriarchy fabricates in social disparities and their belief systems are exhibited by the imbalances in pay in the middle of ladies and men. There is likewise research demonstrating that there are a larger number of ladies than men in neediness, and 93% of solitary folks in destitution are ladies. However clashing contentions are held by the New Right. Their supporters incorporate  Margaret Thatcher, Charles Murray and David Marshland and their philosophy is focused around the individual, and not society overall. The New Right accepts that it is through the peoples lethargy that destitution is brought on (Conley Page, 2010). Feminist accept that society is organized by Patriarchy, the thought that men are the most critical individuals in the public arena, and everything in the public eye is composed to accommodate the needs of men. This perspective is upheld by the conveyance of compensations; cases of this are managerial positions in extensive organizations where ladies get paid less for the same employment (McNay, 2013). Feminist will likewise contend that the profit framework has accepted that ladies are reliant upon men and this implies the welfare state capacities to keep up patriarchy. The cycle of neediness backings the view that destitution is brought on by the social imbalances that are incorporated with the structure o f society. This perspective is that when an individual is naturally introduced to a poor family, their chances in life of assisting themselves in the public arena are fundamentally decreased. This is the methodology in which destitution is transmitted starting with one era then onto the next. Cornwall, Harrison, Whitehead, 2007 recognize that a percentage of the hindrances that are connected with the poor like underachievement at school are connected with offspring of low salary families being marked as an issue. The social just approach acknowledges this cycle of destitution and the relative meaning of neediness. Their philosophy is that those at the base of the social classes are in burdened gatherings whose destitution bringing about social avoidance. Exploration completed by Dean, 2009 found that there are fundamental gatherings in the underclass, including the elderly, resigned, solitary folks and the long haul unemployed who are compelled to depend on deficient state advantages, which are excessively low. Women in poverty additionally have lessened access to healthcare administrations and assets. Somewhat because of the toll of childbearing, ladies are excessively beset with poor health results. Poor health ladies capacities to win pay, and, in this manner, is a key variable expanding and propagating family unit neediness (McNay, 2013). Expanding wellbeing administrations to ladies could, subsequently, relieve the feminization of destitution. The education of ladies and kids, particularly young ladies, can make more prominent open doors for ladies to  lift themselves out of neediness and expand their social position. Nations with solid sexual orientation separation and social chains of importance breaking point ladies right to gain entrance to essential instruction. Indeed inside the family unit, young ladies instruction is frequently yielded to permit male kin to go to class. Ethnic group For some ethnic minority bunches, viewpoints, for example, unemployment, living norms and welfare are significant issues. Ethnic gatherings depend on social incorporation to be included in, for instance, instruction and job, and for a few, this is hard in the event that you cant talk or talk little of the local dialect or are ignorant, as it will be harder to end up included and accepted in the public eye (Goldthorpe, 2009). It was likewise observed that 8% of the white populace and 27% of the Pakistani and Bangladeshi populace were unemployed. Adolescent Afro-Caribbean men matured 16 to 24 were discovered to be three times more inclined to be unemployed then those the same age and white. Under half of ladies from ethnic minorities are utilized contrasted with in excess of 65% of white ladies. Issues in deficient lodging among ethnic minorities are high. With a correlation of 2% of the white populace, 30% of Pakistanis and 47% of Bangladeshis living in packed lodging as per the 1991 accord, it is plain to see why those in ethnic minorities are more inclined to experience neediness then others. In a later investigation of families in Bradford, a stunning 65% of Bangladeshis and 45% of Pakistanis existed in packed lodging (Goldthorpe, 2009). The working class In the 1980s, amid the Thatcher time, the common labourers endured tremendously. They encountered serious cut in occupations, with mines, industrial facilities, boat building manufacturing plants and steel works being shut down. This created demolition and an increment in destitution inside the class. It particularly influenced the men because of sudden vulnerability in work and perplexity (Goldthorpe, 2009). On the other hand, this monstrous cut in employments for the working people implied that such places as Sheffield were supplanted with the administration and retail segment. Anyway these men had no aptitudes to have the capacity to take part in this industry and men thought that it was tricky to manage the truth they  were sometimes being supplanted by ladies as the fundamental providers. This prompted a substantial increment in unemployment and neediness. Men were hesitant to learn new aptitudes keeping in mind the end goal to take an interest in the public eye and in this way turned to addictions, for example, drink and medications, calculates that can prompt neediness. Similarly as with the ethnic minorities, the average workers receive sub societies, for example, the opposition to class subculture found by Paul Willis. Working people young men in their last year at a thorough school were mulled over in a longitudinal study that tailed them into their first years in occupation. He observed that they received the same state of mind at function as they did at school, thinking that it more essential to have a snicker and disregard the establishment’s standards and values then doing work and picking up capabilities. This lead to a circle in the regular workers as they emulated the same way as their guardians had formerly (Goldthorpe, 2009). This absence of satisfactory lodging, unemployment, higher wrongdoing and absence of healthcare and abilities leads now and again to pertinent destitution in the regular workers group. The reliance on the welfare state gives no energy or consolation to go out and look for vocation. The selection of the caretaker state should avert neediness and brings individuals up over the destitution line. Anyway it can be seen to really compound the situation. Conclusion Poverty is a long way from being nullified if anything it is expanding quickly and the retreat has pushed numerous families and people into destitution. Poverty is predominantly dictated by three elements â€Å"access to work, and the disappointment of government strategies to manage them. Access to work is dictated by class, sexual orientation and race. On the off chance that unemployed, individuals landing a position is not so much the solution for their issues in the event that they are going to be getting a low wage i.e. solitary folks and low salary families with youngsters. Standardized savings have neglected to haul individuals out of destitution, regularly abandoning them to adapt on least salaries. References Conley, H., Page, M. (2010). The gender equality duty in local government: The prospects for integration. Industrial Law Journal, 39(3), 321-325. Cornwall, A., Harrison, E., Whitehead, A. (2007). Gender myths and feminist fables: the struggle for interpretive power in gender and development.Development and Change, 38(1), 1-20. Daniels, K. (2012). Equality Act 2010. Dean, H. (2009). Critiquing capabilities: the distractions of a beguiling concept.Critical Social Policy, 29(2), 261-278. Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of economic psychology, 29(1), 94-122. Goldthorpe, J. H. (2009). Analysing social inequality: a critique of two recent contributions from economics and epidemiology. European Sociological Review, jcp046. McNay, L. (2013). Gender and agency: Reconfiguring the subject in feminist and social theory. John Wiley Sons. Pappa, E., Kontodimopoulos, N., Papadopoulos, A. A., Niakas, D. (2009). Assessing the socio-economic and demographic impact on health-related quality of life: evidence from Greece. International journal of public health,54(4), 241-249.

The Ontology And Epistemology Psychology Essay

The Ontology And Epistemology Psychology Essay Research has been perceived at different angles ranging from utilitarian, technical and professional views, while some see it as a mere gathering of information or ordinary fact finding exercise, others see it as a process of moving facts from one form to another. However, according to Cohen and Manion, 1994 (in Nicholas Walliman, 2001 pg 10), Research is a combination of both experience and reasoning and must be regarded as the most successful approach to the discovery of truth. Meanwhile, in order to carry out a successful research, a researcher needs to plan and devise a suitable methodology and design a proper research instrument by properly considering various research approaches, paradigm, processes, values as well as matter of ontology and epistemology as all these suggest the framework for the research project. Richard Fellows and Anita Liu (2008) state that theory provides the framework for the research project rather like a structural steel or reinforced concrete frame is used in a building. It will also determine the data that should be collected and further theory will determine appropriate methods and techniques of data collection and analysis. Therefore, this essay looks into various research theories, approaches and paradigm, critically analyze them to decide which and which is congruent to a desired nature of research in the field of architecture and finally itemize substantial research plan a researcher must put in place in order to achieve the desired aim and objectives in the field of architecture by itemizing how the data about a chosen phenomenon is to be collected, analyzed and used with a proof of practicability of the research methodology since only feasible methodology gives birth to a feasible research. RESEARCH THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY Before a research is embarked upon, three questions has to be kept in mind, the motivation for the research; relevant interest, experience or expertise one bring to bear in the subject and finally the desired product which should be a thesis that is defendable or useful research report within a particular period of time, all these will suggest the type of approach researcher should embark upon since there is no generally acceptable single correct approach to enquiry (Nicholas Walliman, 2001). A researcher therefore needs to analyze the terms described in this section and determine their relevance or otherwise to his research objectives. Ontology and Epistemology Ontology is described as the study of being, the nature of reality or existence, as well as the structure of reality (Michael Crotty, 2005). Researchers position regarding ontology will determine how answers questions about the nature both social and political reality to be investigated (Jonathan Grix, 2002), this means that a researchers ontological view of the task ahead of him goes a long way to determine the focus of his study, the chosen methods and how data is gathered, interpreted or analysed. According to Blaikie, 2007, ontological claims are claims and assumptions that are made about the nature of social reality, claims about what exists, what it looks like, what units make it up and how these units interact with each other. In short, ontological assumptions are concerned with what we believe constitutes social reality (Blaikie, 2007,). Ontological positions can be expressed in terms of objectivism and constructivism also known as subjectivism; the objectivism is of the opinion that social phenomena and their meanings exist in a way that is independent of social actors while subjectivism is the other ontological argument affirming that social phenomena and their meanings are determined by social actors.( Jonathan Grix, 2002). Blaike (2007) suggests that while carrying out a research, a researcher has to choose from being a shallow realist, conceptual realist, cautious realist, depth realist, idealist realist or subtle realist which are the six categories of ontological assumptions that are available for him. A researcher who is subjective in his ontological assumption believes that awareness of our social condition can be achieved through experience and interaction with the environment and as such tends to gather qualitative information for his research, meanwhile, a researcher with objective assumption believes that there are certain principles that guide the occurrence of events and as such, they can only be tested through quantitative approach; by using data, measurement, statistics and calculation to test the theory and hypothesis governing the principle. On the other hand, Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that concerns the origins, nature, methods and limit of human knowledge (Richard Fellow et al, 2008). It is the theory of knowledge, and is interested in the origins and nature of knowing and the construction of knowledge, and the assumptions that are used about what made the nature of knowledge (Longino 1990; Dalmiya and Alcoff 1993) in Goodson et al,2004. According to Blaike, 2007, epistemology which is a core branch of philosophy that deals with the theory of knowledge, validation of the knowledge and likely ways of gaining knowledge of social reality and whatever it is understood to be. In short, epistemology is concerned with how what is assumed to exist can be known (Blaikie, 2007). Two contrasting epistemological positions contained within the perspectives, positivism and interpretivism, it is clear that choosing one of these epistemological positions will lead the researcher to employ a different methodology than what he would have employed, were he to choose the other. It is also clear that a researchers ontological and epistemological positions can lead to different views and opinion about the same social phenomena. Put simply, knowledge production relies heavily upon the ontology of the researcher their definition of reality; their epistemology what they count as knowledge depends on what they want knowledge about, while the kind of knowledge that they seek determines their methodology (Jones 1993, in Goodson et al, 2004). Jonathan Grix(2002, ) established a further relationship between ontology and epistemology by claiming that ontology is what is out there to know while epistemology deals with what and how can we know about it. Research Paradigm Research paradigm can be described in terms of how researcher thinks about the development of knowledge. According to Nicholas Walliman and Bosmaha Baiche 2001, paradigm is a term not only to describe a particular type of theoretical statement, but rather to indicate the overall effect of the acceptance of a particular general theoretical approach often expressed as law or theory Cohen, Manion and Morrison, (2000) describe research paradigm as a broad framework which entails perception, understanding and belief of several theories and practices that are applied to conduction of research. It is also described as a precise procedure, which comprises of various steps through which a researcher establishes a relationship between the research questions and research objectives. Although many researchers have used them interchangeably, research philosophy on can be described as the development of the research background, research knowledge and the nature of research (Saunders and Thornhill, 2007). The importance of paradigms is that they determine the views to be adopted, as well as the approach to questioning and discovery of truth (Richard Fellow, Anita Liu, 2008).There are several major types of research paradigm catalogued by different writers as they differ on how they categorize them, Norman Blaikie, 2010 suggests ten, Goodson et al, 2010 state that four major paradigm structure research: positivist, post-positivist, critical and interpretive, each providing flexible guidelines that connect theory with method and help to determine the structure and shape of any enquiry. However, for the purpose of this study, three major research paradigms are critically evaluated: positivism, critical realism and interpretivism. Positivism A positivist approach argues that the properties of the world can be measured through empirical, scientific observation, any research results will be presented as facts and truths(Claire Taylor et al, 2006). Positivist argues that the methods and procedures of natural science may be applied to a research and its result can therefore be generalized as an expression similar to those that are developed for natural science, as such, a clear interpretation and analysis can therefore be achieved based on testable and verifiable data (Nicholas Walliman, Bousmaha Baiche, 2001). Positivism is of the opinion that human behaviour can be codified into law when underlying regularities is identified, as such that society can therefore be studied from an impartial viewpoint of the researcher. Positivism stands upon values of reason, validity and truth, it focuses purely on facts, gathered through observation and experience, measured empirically using quantitative methods -surveys and experiments and statistical analysis (Blaikie, 2007). Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, 2007 emphasize that positivism stress beyond testing of data, it also believes that knowledge confirmed by sense can genuinely be warranted as knowledge (phenomenology), the purpose of theory is to generate hypothesis that will allow explanation of the law(deductivism), science must be value free (objective), all these are categorized as distinctive features of positivism. (Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, 2007 ) The positivist approach has brought with it a useful legacy of sound experimental design and an insistence upon quantifiable, empirical enquiry, this means that a positivist tends to gathering of quantitative data capable of logical or mathematical proof rather than from human or moral consideration, in short, a positivist approach will tend a research towards collection and analysis of quantitative data. Meanwhile, various authors have also considered the concept of post positivism which is believe to share most of the views of a realist that is later discussed in this section. Interpretivism In this paradigm, researchers acknowledge that there is no single objective reality and that different versions of events are inevitable, its focus is on natural settings, with theory developing from data after research has begun, not as the result of a predetermined hypothesis (Claire Taylor et al, 2006). Interpretivist believes there is a fundamental difference between the subject matters of the natural and social sciences and that the methods of the natural sciences cannot be used in the social sciences, due to this, they assert that the study of social phenomena requires an understanding of the social worlds that people inhabit, which definitely they have already interpreted by the meanings they produce and reproduce as a necessary part of their everyday together activities. The interpretive paradigm is more likely to be employed in qualitative research (Richard Fellow, Anita Liu, 2003), and it is wholly anti-positivist and argues that the world is interpreted by those engaged with it, the perspective is aligned with a qualitative approach, with researchers concerned to understand individuals perceptions of the world (Claire Taylor et al, 2006). It believes that all knowledge is relative to the knower and as such interpretivists work along with others as they make sense and meaning from events and create their realities in order to understand their points of view, and to interprete these experiences based on the researchers academic experience (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2006). In summary, interpretivist paradigm sees human action and involvement meaningful in a research, its truth is social construct, believes that there is no single objective reality'(ClaireTaylor et al, 2006) that is, subjective, tends toward qualitative and theory building/inductive in nature and hence it is contextual and not easily generalisable (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Induction and Deduction Induction and deduction are theory that are paramount in research projects, while induction is otherwise known as research then theory approach, deduction is known as theory then research approach. It is possible to investigate the authenticity of a theory, which is a speculative answer to a perceived problem by investigation and experiment, this is known as deduction; if our experience makes us to arrive at a conclusion which we later tend to generalize, this is referred to as induction. (Nicholas Walliman and Bousmaha Baiche,2001). According to Bill Taylor et al, 2006 deduction is a reasoning process starting with a self evident principle towards a particular case, it starts with theory, hypothesis or concept usually drawn from scholarly literature and proceed to test its applicability or otherwise in a context; induction starts with empirical data and proceedings in order to arrive at a generally acceptable conclusion from such data. For instance if a researcher is interested in a particular theory or model and wish to test its practicability or otherwise in an organization, he tends towards deduction; if a researcher is interested in a particular exploratory research programme concerned with things like motivation, he may form data and attempt to form a working hypothesis on the factors that affect motivation, in that instance, he is using the induction process (Bill Taylor et al, 2006). Although, the concept of induction and deduction seems opposite in the sense that while we use deduction to test theory and hypothesis or explain some future phenomenon induction is used to generate theory, one is general to particular and the other is particular to general (Rajendra K. Sharma, 2008); yet they are both important in research as the choice of induction or deduction will greatly depend on the nature of research and hence they complement each others. The choice between the two methods is greatly important in research, this is because of the fact that it helps to analyze and decide on strategy to use and as well prepare for likely constraints during research process. (Hilary Collins, 2010).In the words of Bergman and Manfred Max, 2008, neither qualitative nor qualitative method is totally known to be better than the other, the nature of research problems and what the researcher intend to find out determine appropriate data to be collected as well as tools and technique fo r data analysis (Nicholas Walliman and Bousmaha Baiche 2005). Reliability, validity and applicability of result and conclusion is the most important in research work irrespective of the method employed; qualitative, quantitative or even mixed method (Richard Fellow, Anita Liu, 2008). Approach to research can be expressed in terms of research strategies cataloguing experiment, survey, archival analysis, historical and case study research (Nicholas Walliman, 2005), and in some other texts, problem solving and observational; or in terms of the method employed, that is, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods, hence, the type of data collected partly determine the method to be employed in a research project in order to provide suitable answer to research problems. The three methods are analysed and critically evaluated in this study.Quantitative and Qualitative methods. Qualitative and quantitative research are not only differ in their methods, they also differ in terms of problem p erception, data requirement, collection and analysis of data. Quantitative research involves application of measurement or numerical approach to an issue under consideration, data gathering and analysis. (Julia Brannen et al, 1992). It is an objective method of research that relates to positivism philosophy and seek together factual data which is further analysed to produce quantified result and conclusion testing theories and findings of a previously conducted research. (Richard Fellows and Anita Liu, 2008). Theory is used at the beginning of research not to develop the theory but to test its originality, the theory thus serves as a framework for the entire study, an organizing model for the research question or hypothesis and for data collection procedure. (Creswell, 1994 in S.G Naoum, 2007). Qualitative research on the other hand is the method of research that seek to understand peoples behavior, attitude and experience (Bergman and Manfred Max, 2006), through the use of back and forth approach between each stage without necessarily having a pre-defined step by step approach, it involves interaction and interconnection among different design component. (Joseph A. Maxwell, 2005). It is a subjective research method that allows the researcher to change definition of general concept during research process towards diagnosing a situation and discovery of new idea or evaluation of peoples opinion about a particular factor; this is possible because qualitative researchers use themselves as research instrument in addition to obtained data; hence, it is a theoretical and participant observation method rather than the opposing descriptive theory testing, method (Julian Brannen et al, 1992). Qualitative research is less structured and makes use of such approach like interview or focus group with the aim of getting in-depth opinion from participants. Unlike the quantitative method, qualitative research does not place theory at the beginning of research process, although theory may be used during the research process as a tool for comparison with other theory, meanwhile, a quantitative research generates theory that can further be tested with the use of quantitative method (S.G Naoum, 2007).

An Accounting Problem :: essays research papers

The annuities department was faced with an accounting problem. The current accounting system would be obsolete in a few years and our business customers are currently experiencing resource issues when problems arise and support for this system is required. Since financial reporting is a complex process, convoluted action was required to resolve this problem. The annuity technology group, along with the annuity business group came up with three possible solutions and conducted a high level requirements analysis and a cost benefit analysis to determine which solution to implement. The solutions analyzed were, do nothing and stay on the existing accounting system, go with a new accounting system designed and built by our Life Insurance partners, or build our own accounting engine. The requirements and cost benefit analysis took several months to complete and a final decision would not be made until 18 months after the initiation of this project. The end result of the requirements and cost benefit analysis concluded that it was most beneficial to our business partners to build our own accounting engine; however this was not the elected solution. Our suggestion to do nothing was not feasible; we were already facing resource issues for existing accounting problems. Additionally, through requirements analysis, we discovered that no future enhancements would be made to this old system, as the annuity business unit was the sole user of this system. Early on, we were able to eliminate remaining with our existing accounting system as a reasonable solution. External pressure from our Life Insurance partners wanted us to commit to using their services. Life Insurance had designed and implemented an accounting system a few years ago that provided wonderful functionality. This system is being used by most of the enterprise although there is no corporate mandate requiring administration areas to use it. While the functionality of this system is quite detailed and impressive, it fails to meet all of the needs of the annuity business customers. Because the annuity business requirements were quite extensive, the life insurance group could not commit to the necessary enhancements that would be required to their system to satisfy annuity users. Because of these business requirements, we then conducted an extensive analysis to determine what Annuities IT could do to satisfy the business requirements. The analysis revealed that we could build our own accounting system for only 25% of the cost of using the life insurance system.

Heavy Versus Light Reading: The Decipherment of Literary and Non-Liter

Heavy Versus Light Reading: The Decipherment of Literary and Non-Literary Texts In attempting to discriminate between the nature of a "literary" text and a "non-literary" text, a metaphor from Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being comes to mind. Especially in considering this same novel in contrast with a novel such as Danielle Steele's Vanished, the idea of lightness versus heaviness presents itself, and with it, a new way of approaching the decipherment of any high/low dichotomy of "literariness". When the "literary" text is imagined as "heavy" and the "non-literary" as "light", an interesting illumination is cast upon the scene, and parallels emerge alongside ideas originally presented in the writings of A. Easthope and Wolfgang Iser. In the novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Kundera (in writing a "weighty" novel himself), presents a distinction between the light and the heavy. The lightness of human existence resides in the idea of a life being lived only once - decisions being made only once. The singularity of such an existence seems to render it "unbearably light", or insignificant. An existence which is eternally repeated has, on the contrary, more "weight" to it in its substantive inexhaustibility. There is a seemingly infinite array of different possible choices to be made - multiple paths which could be followed. This "plural" brand of existence seems to carry more significance in its "heaviness". Easthope, in Literary into Cultural Studies, suggests that a high cultural ("literary") text such as Heart of Darkness (or The Unbearable Lightness of Being) possesses certain characteristics whose antitheses are found in a popular ("non-literary") text such as Tarzan (or a novel like Vanished).... ...eaning. Repetition of this kind of heavy reading of a light, insubstantial text, is no more than the repetition of a particular existence - the same life and the same death each time. A reader has one choice to make in experiencing the "non-literary" work: to either read it once (to experience the set lifetime once), or to read it multiple times (to become reincarnated into the same body and destiny time after time). This could very well be the reason that a text which is considered to be "literary" is indeed thought of as better or more fulfilling than a "non-literary" text. It is the "literary" text with all of its afore-mentioned characteristics which makes possible the "reincarnation" of the reader - which carries the potential for a reader to enjoy countless different experiences of lightness, no longer unbearable in such lightness, because of their plurality.

Just What the Doctor Ordered :: Physicians Medicine Medical Autopsies Papers

Just What the Doctor Ordered â€Å"Hurry Dad, follow that ambulance!† I shouted as the sirens went racing by like spinning tornados. The sound of sirens always excited me and caught my curiosity. I wanted to be at the scene and to know exactly what had happened to the people involved. The next day I would anxiously wait for the newspaper to arrive, so I could read what happened. Since my dad is a police officer, I have always been intrigued by his stories of â€Å"cops and robbers.† As a result, these interests have influenced my decision to become a doctor. You may be wondering what there interests have to do with my being a doctor and why I have chosen this career path rather than that of a paramedic, a police officer, or even a news reporter. That is easy. As far back as I can remember, I have been fascinated by anything having to do with doctors. It is for all my interests in the medical field that I have decided to become a doctor. The field of medicine that would allow me to combine all these fascinations is forensic pathology. As a forensic pathologist, I will be working firsthand with investigators and the hospitals in cases where patients have died of trauma or unknown causes. Investigators will have to share all the details of the crime scenes or accidents with me. Then, I will get to play the role of Nancy Drew by putting all the pieces together to determine the actual cause of death. I will try to find out exactly what happened to every one of my patients in their last minutes of life. I have always been intrigued by mysteries; therefore, I feel this career as a forensic pathologist will be perfect for me. It is important to enjoy one’s career, so this is an excellent choice for me because it will never become dull or boring. Each autopsy that I will perform will have its own story and a new mystery for me to solve. I know I will wake up every morning anxious to go to work to see what new findings I will discover that day. You probably are wondering how I can be so excited about p eople’s dying, but I do not look at it like that.

Biblical Worldview

Janelle Harris Theo 201 Prof. Gabriel Etzel January 19, 2013 Biblical World View One may wonder if God still has a hand on His creation today and if so, how? Take biology, without plants giving off oxygen we wouldn’t be able to breathe. How does the tree know how to produce oxygen? How do we know how to naturally breathe in and out? Look at Business. How does one know how to be ethical and moral? Well according to the Holy Bible, God is very much still active in His creation and in a variety of ways.First, God works in the universe. As a prophet of God, King David, said in Psalm 19, verse 1, â€Å"The heavens are telling the glory of God; and their expanse is declaring the work of His hands. † One can hardly look at the beauty, the order, and the wisdom of the universe and not see how wise and powerful God is. The God who makes the sun shine and the flowers bloom, the God who regulates times and seasons has such great power and wisdom that it is truly beyond our underst anding.Paul declared in Acts 14, verses 16 and 17: â€Å"And in the generations gone by He permitted all the nations to go their own ways; and yet He did not leave Himself without witness, in that He did good and gave you rains from heaven and fruitful seasons, satisfying your hearts with food and gladness. † Everything we have comes from the blessings of God. Second, God is at work answering everyone’s prayer. The Bible says in Isaiah 65, verse 24, â€Å"It will also come to pass that before they call, I will answer; and while they are still speaking, I will hear. God wants to hear your prayers. He is eager to hear our thoughts and request. He has a desire to have a relationship with His children. The Bible says in James 1, verse 17 that, â€Å"Every good thing bestowed and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation, or shifting shadow. † God loves us enough to hear our prayers and to help us when w e need Him most.The apostle Paul reminds us in Ephesians 3, verses 20 to 21, â€Å"Now to Him who is able to do exceeding abundantly beyond all that we ask or think, according to the power that works within us, to Him be the glory in the church and in Christ Jesus to all generations forever and ever, Amen. † Third, God is busy shaping our everyday lives. He works in us day by day second by second. The Bible says in Philippians 1 and verse 6, â€Å"For I am confident of this very thing, that He who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus. God prepares His people to do His work, so that we may live an eternity in heaven with Him. What God is doing in us now prepares us for the life to come. This is happening to people in every major not just bible majors. The Bible says in Philippians 2, verses 12 and 13, â€Å"So then, my beloved, just as you have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your salvatio n with fear and trembling; for it is God who is at work in you, both to will and to work for His good pleasure. God is shaping our hearts, our attitudes, our will, and our lives to conform to His will, so that we could live with Him and He could live with us forever. With a major in Business I know my God is active in every decision making process. Through hiring and firing, expanding or downsizing, and even though negotiations God is at work. The bible says in Deuteronomy 8 verse 18, â€Å"But remember the LORD your God, for it is he who gives you the ability to produce wealth, and so confirms his covenant, which he swore to your ancestors, as it is today. All of our skills and special talents that we use in our businesses are all given to us by God. He gives us the ability to make money and cut deals. He did it for our parents and mentors and he does it for us too. Jesus is not only our Creator; He is also the one who keeps this whole world running together. The Bible says in Col ossians 1, verses 15 to 17, â€Å"And He [that is Jesus] is the image of the invisible God, the first-born of all creation. For by Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things have been created by Him and for Him.And He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. † God’s power and wisdom created our seasons which cause the earth to rotate every 24 hours making night and day. He created the moon to revolve around the earth every 28 days and it also controls the tides of the oceans. God causes the earth to go around the sun every 365 and one fourth days determining our year and our seasons. There is no way this just happened by its self. No, God has been in control the entire time.

Learning Team IRAC Brief Essay

Learning Team B was tasked to study the IRAC method of case study analysis, and select one legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past two years relevant to this week’s objectives. After selecting a current case, Learning Team B prepared a case brief using the IRAC method. Learning Team B selected the United States v. Jones case, which was decided January 23, 2012. Learning Team B was also tasked to provide an explanation of how the legal concepts in the United States v. Jones case could be applied within a business managerial setting. The government issued a warrant to place a Global Positioning System on the personal vehicle of Jones to track any unlawful behavior. For 28 days, the government monitored the vehicle and â€Å"it subsequently secured an indictment of Jones and others on drug trafficking conspiracy charges† (â€Å"United states v.,† 2012). The issue is that a violation of the Fourth Amendment may be in question. The questio n in this case is whether or not the vehicle that was fitted with the GPS is considered real or personal property. Also how is the vehicle subject to government surveillance only on public property? Could the vehicle be subject to the real or personal property laws protected under the Fourth Amendment? The question remains if the vehicle can be searched using the GPS only part of the time. The court’s ruling still does not clearly define what the fourth amendment covers as real or personal property. The definition of the Fourth Amendment is not completely clear on exactly what the real or personal property is defined as or if it is reasonable expectation of privacy as defined by society or a court of law. The law â€Å"protects reasonable expectations of privacy, but the Supreme Court has refused to provide a consistent explanation for what makes an expectation of privacy ‘reasonable’† (Kerr, 2007, p. 503). The Fourth Amendment can be applied to a business managerial setting by protecting workers rights to privacy somewhat. Any use of work property, including e-mail and Internet is subject to inspection by the company. There is a reasonable expectation of privacy in the workplace if an employee has an office. If the employee is in the  front of the work environment conversations or anything in plain view can be subject to police search. According to â€Å"Surveillance Self-Defense† (2013), â€Å"A big question in determining whether your expectation of privacy is ‘reasonable’ and protected by the Fourth Amendment arises when you have ‘knowingly exposed’ something to another person or to the public at large† (Reasonable Expectation of Privacy). If a person is exposes intended personal information or property to a third party that reasonable expectation of privacy is no longer valid. The â€Å"Fourth Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights,† and the â€Å"Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments of the United States Constitution.† The â€Å"Fourth Amendment protects the rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures† (Gatewood, 2013, p. 1). The government can use â€Å"GPS to track an individual movement† if they believe a crime have been committed. If law enforcement wants to obtain a warrant for â€Å"a GPS device to be installed† on an individual car, he or she must be able to convince a judge that a crime has been committed. They must also provide the judge with information about the place that will â€Å"be searched, and the† individual â€Å"or thing to be seized† (Hughes & Burton, 2013, p. 1). In this court case, â€Å"the agents obtained a warrant, but they did not comply with two of the warrants restrictions. First, they did not install the GPS device within the 10-day period that was required by the provision of the warrant.† Second, the â€Å"GPS device supposed to be installed in the vehicle in the District of Columbia, as required by the condition of the warrant.† The â€Å"government installs the GPS device on the vehicle in a public parking space in Maryland† (McKenzie, 2002, p. 1). According to McKenzie (2002), â€Å"the vehicle is an effect as the term is used in the Amendment, and this is a violation of the Fourth Amendment.† An organization that use any form of GPS device on an individual vehicle would be violating the Fourth Amendment.† The â€Å"Fourth Amendment† was implemented to safeguard the rights of citizens, and to make sure that his or her â€Å"privacy is not violated† in any way (McKenzie, 2002, p. 1). A public management can â€Å"conduct a mixed-motive search of an employer’s workplace, seeking to discover evidence of worker misconduct, as well as evidence the worker has committed a crime.† For example, a â€Å"search of a computer of a worker who has been downloading child pornography implicates both personnel misconduct and criminal concern.† â€Å"Courts assessing whether to apply the O’Connor reasonableness standard or the more traditional Fourth Amendment probable cause and warrant requirements of these mix-motive searches have applied O’Connor, reasonableness standard.† Certainly, â€Å"as explained by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, O’Connor’s† objective of â€Å"ensuring that an efficient workplace should not be frustrated simply because the similar misconduct that violates a government management’s rule, and it is also illegal† (Koster, 2007, p. 1). A community employer can conduct searches related to the workplace â€Å"such as to find a missing file or to investigate workplace misconduct,† in compliance with the â€Å"Fourth Amendment without probable cause or a warrant.† A job-related search is â€Å"constitutionally† allowable â€Å"as long as they are reasonable expectation of privacy.† Furthermore, â€Å"even if the search does infringe on a worker’s reasonable expectation of privacy, the search will deemed reasonable in accordance with the Fourth Amendment it is justified as its inception and permissible in scope† (Koster, 2007, p. 1). In George Orwell’s 1984, the citizens of the dystopian, totalitarian country of Oceania are subjected to a grim reality of constant government surveillance. In difference, technology is necessary to fulfill Orwell’s nightmare is far closer to fact than fiction. For example, the smart phone while using its GPS function is an indispensable component for numerous road trips; this global device has many of the same capabilities as 1984 feared telescreen. In the United States v. Jones, the Supreme Court of the United States concluded that police violated the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution when they attached the GPS-enabled tracking device to the defendant’s vehicle and used it to monitor the car’s movements for 28 days (Maryland Law Review, pg. 998). Jones highlights two uniquely prescient  concerns: The impact of modern information-sharing technology on individual privacy, and what limits ought to be placed on Law enforcement from using such technology unrestricted by physical boundaries (Maryland Law Review, pg. 999). The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the lower court and held that without a warrant, the installation of the GPS tracking device constituted an unlawful search under the Fourth Amendment (â€Å"United states v.,† 2012). The government had argued a person did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets but the U.S. Supreme court rejected this argument. The U.S. Supreme court ruled a person does have a reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets regardless of how the GPS tracking device is placed on the person’s vehicle. The U.S. Supreme Court also ruled that today’s surveillance technology is very advanced but still creates a physical intrusion into a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy protected under the Fourth Amendment (â€Å"United states v.,† 2012). This ruling is very important in today’s business world as technology rapidly advances. The current generation of workers is very comfortable with advanced technology but still have the basic expectations of privacy that workers had 20 years ago. Companies can track email conversations, locate company smart phones using GPS technology, locate, and monitor routes of company vehicles, and even video tape activity at their locations. It is important that an organization brief and ensure each employee acknowledges the reasonable expectation of privacy policies. If a company issues a smart phone to an employee and employ GPS tracking on the phone, the employee must be informed his or her smart phone will be monitored. If a company installs GPS tracking devices on their vehicles the driver of that vehicle must be informed his or her route and movement is subject to company monitoring at all times. If a company video monitors its employees, employees must sign an acknowledgment under standing their movement with the organization is monitored and recorded during the business day. Advanced technology is a tool to reduce fraud in the workplace but cannot violate an employee’s right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment. References Gatewood, J. (2013). It’s raining Katz and Jones: The implications of United States v. Jones- A case of sound and fury. Pace Law Review, 33(2), 683-715. Retrieved from http://Web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1988, The Evolving Fourth Amendment United States vs. Jones, The information cloud, and the right to exclude, Ber An Pan, 1993 Hughes, T. & Burton, C. (2013). Police GPS surveillance on vehicles and the warrant Requirement: â€Å"For a while I’ve been watching you steady†. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 535-550.doi:10.1007/s12103-012-9185-z. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Kerr, O.S. (2007, November). Four Models of Fourth Amendment Protection. Stanford Law Review, 60(2), 503-551. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224069628?accountid=35812 McKenzie, D. (2002). What were they smoking?: The Supreme Court’s latest step in a long Strange trip thro ugh the Fourth Amendment. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 93(1), 153. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Koster, P. R. (2007). Workplace searches by public employers and the Fourth Amendment. Urban Lawyer, 39(1). 75-84. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.comezproxy. Apollolibrary.com Surveillance Self-Defense. (2013). Retrieved from https://ssd.eff.org/your-computer/govt/privacy U.S. Supreme Court, (2012). United states v. jones (No. 10–1259). Retrieved from website: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1259.pdf